Sporty’s Flight Maneuver Spotlight series highlights the various maneuvers you’ll practice during your flight training experience and be expected to demonstrate on your checkride.
The S-Turns Across a Road maneuver is part of Sporty’s 2025 Learn to Fly Course and includes a narrated video animation, along with step-by-step instructions that include performance standards and common errors. Study them while on the ground or print them for quick reference in the airplane.
https://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/17152432/S-TURNS-ACROSS-A-ROAD.png10001250Flight Training Central Staffhttps://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05155154/FTC-logo-horizontal-fianl.pngFlight Training Central Staff2025-02-24 08:55:022025-02-17 15:25:07S-Turns Across a Road—Sporty’s Flight Maneuver Spotlight
The FAA Instrument Written is the source of plenty of angst and stress for IFR pilots. But not to worry as this webinar presentation we’ll show you how to use reliable study methods and advanced learning features within Sporty’s Instrument Rating Course, including Aviation Intelligence℠ (AI), to make the instrument training an engaging and meaningful experience, and not just another exercise in rote memorization. Presented by Sporty’s Senior Flight Instructor and lead course developer, Bret Koebbe.
https://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/07111549/instrument-written-webinar.png10001250Flight Training Central Staffhttps://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05155154/FTC-logo-horizontal-fianl.pngFlight Training Central Staff2025-02-23 08:55:232025-02-20 18:24:37Webinar Video: How to Ace Your FAA Instrument Written
Have you ever wondered what it’s like to plan and fly an IFR flight? Join Spencer Suderman as he does just that, on a flight from Jacksonville to Daytona Beach, FL. You’ll learn about the entire process, starting with filing a flight plan in ForeFlight to retrieving an IFR clearance from ATC, en-route navigation, and how to fly the instrument approach at the destination.
This trip was flown in VFR conditions, but it’s the perfect example of how a private pilot with an instrument rating can use these skills to still fly on days when the clouds are low or there is reduced visibility.
To take the next step, check out Sporty’s Instrument Rating Course, which includes 13 hours of in-flight HD cross-country and instrument approach video training and comprehensive written test preparation tools: https://www.sportys.com/instrument
https://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/12105031/ifr-insights-3-cross-country-daytona.png10001250Flight Training Central Staffhttps://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05155154/FTC-logo-horizontal-fianl.pngFlight Training Central Staff2025-02-22 08:55:552025-02-12 10:51:12IFR Insights Episode 3: Ride along on an IFR cross-country to Daytona Beach with Spencer Suderman
When controllers anticipate a delay, usually due to a high volume of traffic, weather, or both, pilots are usually issued a holding clearance. If the holding pattern assigned by ATC is charted, pilots are expected to hold as indicated. Holding patterns at the most generally used holding fixes are charted on Low or High Altitude En Route, Area, Departure Procedure, and Arrival Charts. When ATC issues a clearance requiring you to hold at a fix where a holding pattern is not charted, pilots are issued complete holding instructions. The holding instructions will include:
the direction from the fix
name of the fix, course
leg length (if distance instead of time)
direction of turns (if left turns are required)
the expect further clearance (EFC) time.
Let’s look at holding clearance example below to identify the various components (note the absence of turn direction indicates standard, right hand turns are expected):
Hold north (direction from the fix) of Volunteer on the 360 degree radial (name of VOR fix and course), five mile legs (leg length), expect further clearance at 15:50 zulu (EFC) time now, 15:40 zulu (current time is often issued as a courtesy so that pilots quickly know how long they may have to hold for fuel planning purposes).
Pilots are required to maintain the last assigned altitude unless a new altitude is specifically included in the holding clearance. Pilots are expected to hold on the inbound course using right turns unless instructed otherwide. In the example instructions above, the INBOUND course would be 180 degrees if holding on the 360 degree radial.
When executing a holding pattern above 14,000 feet, the inbound leg should be 1.5 minutes in duration. When at or below 14,000 feet, the inbound leg should be 1 minute. Timing of the outbound leg should begin abeam the holding fix or at the completion of the turn. Fly the first outbound leg at the appropriate standard duration, then adjust subsequent outbound legs so as to make the inbound leg the standard 1 or 1.5 minute duration. This will vary with wind.
Timing of the holding pattern should be adjusted on the outbound leg so that the inbound leg will be the standard duration.
GPS-equipped aircraft have some additional options for holding. Rather than being based on time, the leg lengths for GPS holding patterns are based on distances. The controller, or the applicable chart, specifies the length of the outbound leg. The end of the outbound leg is determined by the distance.
Charted holding procedure on the low altitude enroute chart with 5 mile legs specified.
Because the size of the holding pattern is directly proportional to the speed of the aircraft, maximum holding speeds in knots indicated airspeed (KIAS) have been designated for specific altitude ranges. Often pilots can avoid flying a holding pattern or reduce the length of time spent in the holding pattern, by slowing down on the way to the holding fix.
Maximum holding speeds in knots indicated.
Turns in the hold should be standard rate, but not more than 30 degrees. If you are using a flight director, the maximum bank angle is 25 degrees. Except when turning, you should compensate for the wind. Outbound you should triple the wind correction angle used to track the inbound course. This will distort the racetrack shape, but keep you inside the holding pattern protected airspace.
The racetrack pattern will be distored with appropriate wind correction.
The protected airspace is not charted, but it is shaped somewhat like and centered upon the holding pattern. This puts about 60% of the protected area on the holding side, so the majority of your maneuvering should be on this side.
The majority of your maneuvering should be on the hodling side as this is where the majority of the protected airspace exists.
Holding protected airspace is designed based in part on pilot compliance with three recommended holding pattern entry procedures.
Parallel Procedure. When approaching the holding fix from parrell sector, the parallel entry procedure would be to turn to a heading to parallel the holding course outbound on the nonholding side for one minute, turn in the direction of the holding pattern through more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound.
When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in the teardrop sector, the teardrop entry procedure would be to fly to the fix, turn outbound to a heading for a 30 degree teardrop entry within the pattern (on the holding side) for a period of one minute, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound holding course.
When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in the direct sector, the direct entry procedure would be to fly directly to the fix and turn to follow the holding pattern.
To help determine which sector you fall within when approaching a holding fix, look at where the outbound course falls on your heading indicator or H-S-I when flying direct to the fix. Divide the indicator into three segments as depicted below. And for a standard right-turn hold, and you can visualize exactly what kind of entry is expected.
You can visualize exactly what kind of entry is expected when placing the outbound course on the heading indicator when flying direct to the fix.
The teardrop section is the smallest, only 70 degrees on the right of the nose. At the fix, turn to a heading 30 degrees from the outbound course toward the holding side for one minute. Then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the holding course.
The direct entry section is the largest, covering a 180-degree arc. Simply turn right outbound and fly the pattern.
The parallel segment is 110 degrees to the left of the nose. Turn to the outbound heading, correct for wind if known, fly for one minute, and then turn toward the holding pattern more than 180 degrees. Return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound.
This method of visualizing the outbound course on the heading indicator is also referred to as the “thumb” method because placing your thumb to the right (for right-hand turns) or the left (for left-hand turns) will approximate the teardrop entry area as decpicted below.
Placing your thumb to the left or right of your current heading can help identify the correct holding entry procedure.
A non-standard holding pattern uses left turns, and the entry procedure diagram has to be flipped so the teardrop section is in the upper left. For non-standard left turns, use your left thumb to mark the 70-degree teardrop section, and the remaining sections fall into place. Right turns, right thumb.
The entry procedure diagram has to be flipped so the teardrop section is in the upper left for left hand turns.
It’s worth noting that modern GPS navigators can be programmed for holding procedures and coupled with an autopilot, can also fully execute a hold. There are also devices available to help determine the correct entry.
5-2-5. LINE UP AND WAIT (LUAW) This change moves the cautionary statement “Line Up and Wait (LUAW) is not an authorization to takeoff” to the first paragraph for emphasis. This change also adds a note advising readers of the increased number of instances where pilots correctly read back LUAW instructions yet depart without a takeoff clearance. It reminds pilots of the need for vigilance during LUAW operations. This change emphasizes situational awareness and vigilance to subparagraphs respectively.
5-4-5. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (IAP) CHARTS This change clarifies the “Fly Visual” guidance by adding the recommendation that the visual segment should be flown with flight instrumentation when advisory lateral and vertical guidance is provided.
5-4-7. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES This change clarifies when the phraseology “cleared approach” is issued without specifying which instrument approach to fly, pilots are not authorized to fly a visual or contact approach. The change also clarifies guidance instructing pilots what is expected when controllers clear IFR aircraft for a specific instrument approach.
The next AIM update is scheduled for August 7, 2025.
https://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/20153401/new-FAA-AIM-february.png10001250Flight Training Central Staffhttps://media.flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05155154/FTC-logo-horizontal-fianl.pngFlight Training Central Staff2025-02-20 15:34:102025-02-21 11:12:48FAA Publishes Updated AIM—Basic Manual Effective February 20, 2025
Airplanes are held to high standards when it comes to maintenance and inspection requirements. This week’s tip takes a look at the reason behind each inspection, how to verify they’ve been completed and the required paperwork to be on the airplane. It also examines why digital 406 MHz emergency locator transmitters (ELT) incorporate GPS to improve their performance.
S-Turns Across a Road—Sporty’s Flight Maneuver Spotlight
/in Flight Maneuvers/by Flight Training Central StaffSporty’s Flight Maneuver Spotlight series highlights the various maneuvers you’ll practice during your flight training experience and be expected to demonstrate on your checkride.
The S-Turns Across a Road maneuver is part of Sporty’s 2025 Learn to Fly Course and includes a narrated video animation, along with step-by-step instructions that include performance standards and common errors. Study them while on the ground or print them for quick reference in the airplane.
Webinar Video: How to Ace Your FAA Instrument Written
/in Webinars/by Flight Training Central StaffThe FAA Instrument Written is the source of plenty of angst and stress for IFR pilots. But not to worry as this webinar presentation we’ll show you how to use reliable study methods and advanced learning features within Sporty’s Instrument Rating Course, including Aviation Intelligence℠ (AI), to make the instrument training an engaging and meaningful experience, and not just another exercise in rote memorization. Presented by Sporty’s Senior Flight Instructor and lead course developer, Bret Koebbe.
IFR Insights Episode 3: Ride along on an IFR cross-country to Daytona Beach with Spencer Suderman
/in Video Tips/by Flight Training Central StaffHave you ever wondered what it’s like to plan and fly an IFR flight? Join Spencer Suderman as he does just that, on a flight from Jacksonville to Daytona Beach, FL. You’ll learn about the entire process, starting with filing a flight plan in ForeFlight to retrieving an IFR clearance from ATC, en-route navigation, and how to fly the instrument approach at the destination.
This trip was flown in VFR conditions, but it’s the perfect example of how a private pilot with an instrument rating can use these skills to still fly on days when the clouds are low or there is reduced visibility.
To take the next step, check out Sporty’s Instrument Rating Course, which includes 13 hours of in-flight HD cross-country and instrument approach video training and comprehensive written test preparation tools: https://www.sportys.com/instrument
IFR Holding Procedures Explained: A Pilot’s Guide to Holding Patterns
/in IFR flying/by Eric RadtkeWhen controllers anticipate a delay, usually due to a high volume of traffic, weather, or both, pilots are usually issued a holding clearance. If the holding pattern assigned by ATC is charted, pilots are expected to hold as indicated. Holding patterns at the most generally used holding fixes are charted on Low or High Altitude En Route, Area, Departure Procedure, and Arrival Charts. When ATC issues a clearance requiring you to hold at a fix where a holding pattern is not charted, pilots are issued complete holding instructions. The holding instructions will include:
Let’s look at holding clearance example below to identify the various components (note the absence of turn direction indicates standard, right hand turns are expected):
Hold north (direction from the fix) of Volunteer on the 360 degree radial (name of VOR fix and course), five mile legs (leg length), expect further clearance at 15:50 zulu (EFC) time now, 15:40 zulu (current time is often issued as a courtesy so that pilots quickly know how long they may have to hold for fuel planning purposes).
Pilots are required to maintain the last assigned altitude unless a new altitude is specifically included in the holding clearance. Pilots are expected to hold on the inbound course using right turns unless instructed otherwide. In the example instructions above, the INBOUND course would be 180 degrees if holding on the 360 degree radial.
When executing a holding pattern above 14,000 feet, the inbound leg should be 1.5 minutes in duration. When at or below 14,000 feet, the inbound leg should be 1 minute. Timing of the outbound leg should begin abeam the holding fix or at the completion of the turn. Fly the first outbound leg at the appropriate standard duration, then adjust subsequent outbound legs so as to make the inbound leg the standard 1 or 1.5 minute duration. This will vary with wind.
Timing of the holding pattern should be adjusted on the outbound leg so that the inbound leg will be the standard duration.
GPS-equipped aircraft have some additional options for holding. Rather than being based on time, the leg lengths for GPS holding patterns are based on distances. The controller, or the applicable chart, specifies the length of the outbound leg. The end of the outbound leg is determined by the distance.
Charted holding procedure on the low altitude enroute chart with 5 mile legs specified.
Because the size of the holding pattern is directly proportional to the speed of the aircraft, maximum holding speeds in knots indicated airspeed (KIAS) have been designated for specific altitude ranges. Often pilots can avoid flying a holding pattern or reduce the length of time spent in the holding pattern, by slowing down on the way to the holding fix.
Maximum holding speeds in knots indicated.
Turns in the hold should be standard rate, but not more than 30 degrees. If you are using a flight director, the maximum bank angle is 25 degrees. Except when turning, you should compensate for the wind. Outbound you should triple the wind correction angle used to track the inbound course. This will distort the racetrack shape, but keep you inside the holding pattern protected airspace.
The racetrack pattern will be distored with appropriate wind correction.
The protected airspace is not charted, but it is shaped somewhat like and centered upon the holding pattern. This puts about 60% of the protected area on the holding side, so the majority of your maneuvering should be on this side.
The majority of your maneuvering should be on the hodling side as this is where the majority of the protected airspace exists.
Holding protected airspace is designed based in part on pilot compliance with three recommended holding pattern entry procedures.
Parallel Procedure. When approaching the holding fix from parrell sector, the parallel entry procedure would be to turn to a heading to parallel the holding course outbound on the nonholding side for one minute, turn in the direction of the holding pattern through more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound.
When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in the teardrop sector, the teardrop entry procedure would be to fly to the fix, turn outbound to a heading for a 30 degree teardrop entry within the pattern (on the holding side) for a period of one minute, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound holding course.
When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in the direct sector, the direct entry procedure would be to fly directly to the fix and turn to follow the holding pattern.
To help determine which sector you fall within when approaching a holding fix, look at where the outbound course falls on your heading indicator or H-S-I when flying direct to the fix. Divide the indicator into three segments as depicted below. And for a standard right-turn hold, and you can visualize exactly what kind of entry is expected.
You can visualize exactly what kind of entry is expected when placing the outbound course on the heading indicator when flying direct to the fix.
The teardrop section is the smallest, only 70 degrees on the right of the nose. At the fix, turn to a heading 30 degrees from the outbound course toward the holding side for one minute. Then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the holding course.
The direct entry section is the largest, covering a 180-degree arc. Simply turn right outbound and fly the pattern.
The parallel segment is 110 degrees to the left of the nose. Turn to the outbound heading, correct for wind if known, fly for one minute, and then turn toward the holding pattern more than 180 degrees. Return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound.
This method of visualizing the outbound course on the heading indicator is also referred to as the “thumb” method because placing your thumb to the right (for right-hand turns) or the left (for left-hand turns) will approximate the teardrop entry area as decpicted below.
Placing your thumb to the left or right of your current heading can help identify the correct holding entry procedure.
A non-standard holding pattern uses left turns, and the entry procedure diagram has to be flipped so the teardrop section is in the upper left. For non-standard left turns, use your left thumb to mark the 70-degree teardrop section, and the remaining sections fall into place. Right turns, right thumb.
The entry procedure diagram has to be flipped so the teardrop section is in the upper left for left hand turns.
It’s worth noting that modern GPS navigators can be programmed for holding procedures and coupled with an autopilot, can also fully execute a hold. There are also devices available to help determine the correct entry.
Are you ready to practice? Test your holding pattern entry knowledge in this interactive holding exercise from Sporty’s Instrument Rating Course.
FAA Publishes Updated AIM—Basic Manual Effective February 20, 2025
/in News/by Flight Training Central StaffThe FAA has issued a new version of the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The basic manual is effective February 20, 2025.
Revisions include:
5-4-5. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (IAP) CHARTS This change clarifies the “Fly Visual” guidance by adding the recommendation that the visual segment should be flown with flight instrumentation when advisory lateral and vertical guidance is provided.
5-4-7. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES This change clarifies when the phraseology “cleared approach” is issued without specifying which instrument approach to fly, pilots are not authorized to fly a visual or contact approach. The change also clarifies guidance instructing pilots what is expected when controllers clear IFR aircraft for a specific instrument approach.
The next AIM update is scheduled for August 7, 2025.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
The complete explanation of changes for the Basic manual issued February 20, 2025
The current AIM
Video tip: aircraft inspections and ELT requirements
/in Video Tips/by Bret KoebbeAirplanes are held to high standards when it comes to maintenance and inspection requirements. This week’s tip takes a look at the reason behind each inspection, how to verify they’ve been completed and the required paperwork to be on the airplane. It also examines why digital 406 MHz emergency locator transmitters (ELT) incorporate GPS to improve their performance.
The video clip below is from Sporty’s 2025 Learn to Fly Course